History has often celebrated Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj as one of India’s greatest leaders and founders of the Maratha Empire. Yet, the legacy of his successor, Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, remains relatively obscured, often overshadowed by Shivaji Maharaj’s towering fame. However, a closer examination of historical records reveals that Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj was an extraordinary leader who not only upheld the Maratha legacy but surpassed his illustrious father in many aspects.
This article delves into the life, achievements, and sacrifices of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, presenting evidence to highlight why he deserves recognition as an even greater figure in Indian history.
Early Life and Preparations for Leadership
Born on May 14, 1657, to Shivaji Maharaj and Saibai, Sambhaji was destined for greatness. Despite the untimely demise of his mother when he was just two, Sambhaji’s early education was meticulously planned. He mastered Sanskrit, Marathi, Hindi, Persian and 10 other languages, showcasing a linguistic proficiency that allowed him to navigate the complexities of diplomacy and administration. By the age of 15, Sambhaji was already displaying military acumen, leading his father’s forces to victory in key battles.
What set Sambhaji apart was his exposure to different cultures and strategies. Sent as a political hostage to Mirza Raja Jai Singh I’s Mughal court during his youth, he observed the imperial mechanisms of Aurangzeb. This experience imbued him with insights into Mughal strengths and weaknesses, which he later used to devastating effect in his campaigns.
Chhatrapati Sambhaji’s Military Genius
While Shivaji Maharaj laid the foundation of the Maratha Empire, it was Sambhaji Maharaj who solidified its reputation as an indomitable force. Ascending the throne in 1681 under tumultuous circumstances, Sambhaji’s reign began with challenges—internal dissensions, Mughal conspiracies, and external invasions.
- Unparalleled Resistance Against the Mughals:
- Aurangzeb launched an all-out invasion of the Deccan with over 5,00,000 troops, determined to crush the Marathas. Sambhaji’s resistance against this massive onslaught was nothing short of heroic. For nine years, he waged a relentless guerrilla war, striking Mughal forces at their weakest points.
- Unlike Shivaji’s campaigns, which often targeted smaller territories, Sambhaji faced the full might of the Mughal Empire. Despite this, he successfully defended Maratha territories, showcasing unmatched strategic brilliance.
- Naval Prowess:
- Sambhaji’s efforts to enhance the Maratha navy surpassed those of his father. Recognizing the importance of maritime supremacy, he fortified coastal defences and launched naval expeditions that disrupted Mughal supply lines and Portuguese trade networks.
- The capture of key forts like Anjadiva Island demonstrated his naval ingenuity.
- Conquests Beyond the Deccan:
- Sambhaji expanded the Maratha influence into regions like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh. His campaigns extended the empire’s reach far beyond Shivaji’s initial boundaries, showcasing his ambition to make the Maratha Empire a pan-Indian power.
Administrative Acumen
Though known primarily as a warrior, Sambhaji was an astute administrator. His policies emphasized the welfare of his people, even amid war.
- Revenue Reforms:
- Sambhaji streamlined the tax collection process to ensure fairness and efficiency. Unlike the oppressive methods employed by Mughal officials, his approach minimized exploitation, fostering loyalty among the populace. He introduced transparency in revenue practices, ensuring that even the smallest contributors were not unduly burdened.
- Judicial System:
- Sambhaji’s administration emphasized justice and impartiality. He established courts to address grievances and ensured that the legal framework respected regional customs and traditions while maintaining uniformity across the empire.
- Religious Tolerance:
- Despite being a staunch Hindu, Sambhaji’s administration was marked by inclusivity. He employed Muslims, Christians, and people of other faiths in key positions, a practice that ensured harmony and reduced communal strife within his empire. For instance, the inclusion of Muslim commanders in his navy underscored his pragmatic approach to governance.
- Promotion of Arts and Literature:
- Sambhaji’s scholarly prowess was unparalleled. His works, including the Sanskrit treatise “Budhbhushanam,” stand as a testament to his intellectual depth. Under his patronage, the arts flourished, with poetry, music, and architecture receiving royal attention. His court attracted scholars and artisans from across India, creating a vibrant cultural hub that celebrated Maratha heritage.
- Infrastructure Development:
- Sambhaji invested in infrastructure to support trade and defence. Roads were constructed to connect strategic forts, and ports were developed to enhance maritime trade. These efforts not only bolstered the economy but also ensured swift mobilization of resources during conflicts.
- Public Welfare:
- Even during wartime, Sambhaji prioritized the welfare of his subjects. He introduced measures to prevent famine and ensured that granaries were well-stocked. His focus on public health and sanitation demonstrated his forward-thinking approach to governance.
Chhatrapati Sambhaji and Chhatrapati Shivaji: A Comparative Perspective
Military Challenges:
While Shivaji Maharaj faced formidable opponents like the Bijapur Sultanate and the Mughal viceroys, Sambhaji’s adversaries were far more numerous and resourceful. The scale of Aurangzeb’s invasion during Sambhaji’s reign dwarfed any threat faced by Shivaji. Sambhaji not only defended Maratha territories but also disrupted Mughal advances, forcing Aurangzeb to commit decades of resources to an ultimately futile campaign. For instance, while Shivaji utilized guerrilla tactics to establish a foothold, Sambhaji used the same tactics to hold off and exhaust an empire’s might.
Sambhaji’s strategic foresight can be seen in his swift actions, such as fortifying key positions like Raigad and constructing new defensive lines in anticipation of Mughal advances. He also extended the Maratha influence into regions untouched by Shivaji, showcasing his broader vision for expansion.
Sacrifices:
Shivaji Maharaj’s escape from Agra and his tactical brilliance are legendary. However, Sambhaji’s martyrdom underscores his unparalleled courage and steadfastness. Captured by the Mughals in 1689, he endured weeks of unspeakable torture, including being blinded and mutilated. Despite this, he refused to convert to Islam or betray his people. His unyielding spirit in the face of death earned him the title of “Dharmaveer,” or protector of the faith.
This act of defiance not only inspired his contemporaries but also cemented his legacy as a leader who valued principles over personal safety. Sambhaji’s sacrifice had a profound psychological impact on the Marathas, fueling their resolve to continue resisting Mughal domination.
Vision for the Maratha Empire:
Sambhaji’s vision was broader in scope. While Shivaji focused on establishing a stronghold in the Deccan, Sambhaji aspired to create a unified India under Maratha rule. His campaigns reflected a deeper understanding of India’s geopolitical landscape and the necessity of a pan-Indian resistance against foreign domination.
For example, Sambhaji’s alliances with southern states such as Mysore and his expeditions into Tamil Nadu demonstrate his ambition to create a network of anti-Mughal powers. Additionally, his emphasis on naval power showed his understanding of the importance of securing trade routes and coastal dominance—an aspect that Shivaji had initiated but Sambhaji took to new heights.
Intellectual and Cultural Contributions:
While both Shivaji and Sambhaji were patrons of art and culture, Sambhaji’s contributions to literature and intellectual pursuits were unmatched. His work “Budhbhushanam” not only showcased his erudition but also served as a guide on governance and moral values. Unlike Shivaji, who relied on advisors for cultural and administrative matters, Sambhaji’s direct involvement in such areas set him apart as a multifaceted ruler.
Conclusion: A Leader Beyond Compare
Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj’s life is a saga of resilience, intellect, and sacrifice. While Shivaji Maharaj laid the foundation of the Maratha Empire, it was Sambhaji who fortified it against all odds, ensuring its survival and expansion.
His unmatched bravery, strategic acumen, and unwavering commitment to Dharma elevate him to a pedestal higher than even his revered father. As India rediscovers its past, the story of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj stands as a beacon of inspiration, urging us to honour his contributions and draw lessons from his extraordinary life.